First Meeting of the Academic Year 2013

• Held at History Department Office, University of the Sacred Heart, Tokyo, Saturday, May 25, 2013
• Members present: Kuwana, Tajima, Ishida, Matsumoto, Nomura, Kimizuka, Chiba, Iida, Shimada

First, Kuwana described the budget for years 2013-2015 and the plan for its allocation, explaining the research framework, overseas collaborators, invited lectures, and creation of a website for publication of the research. Each agenda item stimulated a lively discussion by the members present. Best, one of the overseas research collaborators, called in from the UK using Skype, proposing a change in his research topic.

It was decided that meetings will be held four times in each of the 2013 and 2014 academic years: in May, July, December and March. The schedule for the rest of the present academic year was then confirmed. In the meeting in July, Tajima, Matsumoto and Ishida, who are planning archival researches in summer, will give preliminary presentations. In December, other members will give preliminary reports on their research; in March, the members who have completed their archival researches will give progress reports. In 2015, there will be five seminars and an international symposium which will compile the findings of the present research; a research report will also be drawn up.

Nomura, who had planned to conduct his archival research in the summer of 2013, proposed the deferral of the research to late January-February of 2014, giving his progress report either in the fourth meeting of the academic year held in March 2014 or in the first meeting of the next academic year; the motion was approved by the members present. The change in schedule is due to the fact that Nomura’s office will have to move twice during the summer vacation as the buildings at Tohoku University are scheduled for anti-earthquake reinforcements.

Research topics, encompassing the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, the Habsburg Empire, and Japan, were allocated as follows:

• Kimizuka – George V's visits to India and development of Anglo-Indian style
• Best – Introduction of the East sponsored by the British government, or the activities of the British Council in Japan and relations between Japan and the United Kingdom (*Change in topic was proposed.)
• Nomura – View of Japan by Léon Roches, French representative to Japan at the end of the Edo period
• Adamthwaite – Significance of cultural competition in the interwar diplomacy of Britain and France
• Iida – Activities of Hermann Speck von Sternberg, German ambassador to the United States
• Tajima – Experiences of Trautmann and Dirksen, German diplomats, while resident in East Asia
• Matsumoto – Sir Austin Layard’s Italian art collection and Anglo-Italian relations
• Ishida – Racism in Italian diplomacy and the Ethiopian War
• Kuwana – Heinrich Coudenhove-Kalergi’s view of Japan and Asian civilization
• Ress – Benjamin Kállay’s government of Bosnia and propaganda efforts in the West
• Shimada – Understanding of diplomacy by Japanese diplomats dispatched to Vienna (Nobuaki Makino and Kosai Uchida)
• Chiba – Siberian experience of Takeaki Enomoto, first Japanese ambassador to Russia (*There is a possibility of change in the topic; it is subject to further discussion.)

Second Meeting of the Academic Year 2013

• Held at History Department Office, University of the Sacred Heart, Tokyo, Saturday, July 13, 2013
• Members present: Kuwana, Tajima, Ishida, Matsumoto, Best, Nomura, Kimizuka, Iida, Shimada

One of the overseas collaborators, Best, was present at this meeting. First, Kuwana explained the 2013 budget and its allocation, as well as the plan for purchase of equipment, etc. Speakers scheduled for the third and fourth meetings of the academic year were also confirmed. Moreover, Kuwana reported that she had contacted overseas collaborators Adamthwaite and Ress through email and Skype, explaining the research objectives and plans as well as individual research topics, and obtained their consent. The invited lecture, due to the situations of potential speakers, was scheduled for the academic year 2015.

Subsequently, Tajima, Ishida and Matsumoto reported on their archival researches which would take place during summer. Tajima’s report, “Dirksen and Trautmann,” discussed two German diplomats who were dispatched to Japan and China, respectively, and involved in the formation of Nazi Germany’s East Asian policies; it argued that the difference between their cultural backgrounds and experiences possibly influenced their views. Ishida’s report, “Diplomatic Issues regarding Racism,” discussed the role of racism in Italian diplomacy, with a central focus on the argument used for justification of the Ethiopian War. Matsumoto’s report, “State Power and Cultural Heritage: Diplomacy and Museums,” focused on the relationship between cultural heritage and international politics, introducing an example of the British diplomat Austin Henry Layard’s excavation and acquisition of artifacts in the Ottoman Empire. Each report was followed by a lively discussion by the members present.

At the end of the meeting, Best reported on the research topic he had proposed in the previous meeting: Anglo-Japanese relations and the activities of the British Council in Japan. Established in 1936, the British Council expanded its sphere of action into Asia in 1939, contributing to the propaganda efforts in the area. The post-war cultural diplomacy, based on the Anglo-Japanese Cultural Agreement, has conducted its publicity with an emphasis on creating a better image of British culture, unlike the propaganda-centered activities in the interwar period.

After the discussion following Best’s report, it was agreed that the object of the present research should not be limited to the time period from the “Old Diplomacy” era to the inter-war period but should include the developments in cultural diplomacy in the post-war period. Consequently, it was concurred that specialists should be asked to write reports on not only the British Council but also other organizations such as the Goethe Institute (Germany) and the Institut français (France).

Third Meeting of the Academic Year 2013

• Held at History Department Office, University of the Sacred Heart, Tokyo 2pm, Saturday, December 21, 2013
• Members present: Kuwana, Tajima, Ishida, Kimizuka, Chiba, Iida, Shimada, Nakamura, Kawamura

The items on the agenda were as follows: 1) Rescheduling the fourth meeting, 2) Additional research collaborators, 3) Revision of the “Research Objectives” section of the Kaken website. In addition to the research members, Yoko Kawamura of Seikei University was also present at the meeting as an observer.

Firstly, Saturday, March 8 was decided on as the first candidate date for the next meeting. Next, Kuwana suggested adding new members to the research group: Akiko Fukushima (Senior Fellow, Aoyama Gakuin University) and Ayano Nakamura (Part-time Lecturer, Waseda University et al.). The motion was approved by the members present. The addition of the new research collaborators is based on the decision at the previous meeting to expand the time period and topics of the research. It was decided that Fukushima’s research topic would be the cultural diplomacy in post-war Japan and its contribution to peacebuilding, and Nakamura’s would be the policies in Samoa under the German rule regarding Chinese workers.

Moreover, it was proposed by Kuwana and approved by the members present that Moe Sakai (Part-time Lecturer, University of the Sacred Heart) would be requested to work as a translator for the English versions of the research report as well as the website. The report is to be published with English translation for the Japanese texts and Japanese translation for the text written in European languages; the website is also to be prepared in both Japanese and English. Lastly, the revision to the “Research Objectives” section of the Kaken website, which had been proposed by Ishida, was discussed; it was then decided that Kuwana would make a revised draft in keeping with Ishida’s proposal.

Subsequently, Shimada, Iida, Nakamura, and Kimizuka reported on their individual research topics. Shimada’s report, “Understanding of Austria-Hungary by Japanese Diplomats in Vienna during the Meiji and Taisho Eras,” introduced the ways in which the Japanese diplomats in this period understood Austrian diplomacy and the situation in the Balkan nations, with a central focus on the opinions of Junpei Shinobu and Takematsu Okuda, who were stationed in Austria-Hungary during the Meiji and Taisho periods. Iida’s report, “An Aspect of German Diplomacy during the Wilhelm Era,” discussed the significance of Speck von Sternburg’s activities in China and the United States. Nakamura’s report, “German Samoa and Chinese Workers,” elucidated the characteristics of colony management by Wilhelm Solf, who was Governor of German Samoa between 1900 and 1911. Kimizuka’s report, “From Diplomat to Viceroy,” was an attempt to reconsider the achievements of Charles Hardinge, who was Governor (Viceroy) of India from 1910 to 1916.

Fourth Meeting of the Academic Year 2013

• Held at History Department Office, University of the Sacred Heart, Tokyo 2pm, Saturday, March 8, 2014
• Members present: Kuwana, Tajima, Ishida, Kimizuka, Chiba, Iida, Shimada, Kawamura

The items on the agenda were as follows: 1) Allocation plan for the next year’s budget, 2) Additional co-investigators, 3) Plans for the invited lectures. Firstly, Kuwana explained the allocation plan for the budget for the next academic year (2014). Then, it was proposed and approved that Yoko Kawamura and Ayano Nakamura be asked to participate in the research as co-investigators starting in April 2014. Regarding the invited lectures, it was agreed that Professor Oliver Rathkolb of Vienna University, one of the candidates for the lectures, should be asked to give at least two lectures, including one at the University of the Sacred Heart.

Subsequently, Chiba, Kawamura and Kuwana reported on their proposed topics. Chiba’s report, “Film and Diplomacy,” was a joint study with Atsuko Kato; it discussed the examples of international propaganda through Japanese cinema in the period between World War I and the Pacific War. Kawamura’s report, “Hildegard Hamm-Brücher and Foreign Cultural Policy of West Germany,” analyzed the characteristics of the foreign cultural policy of the female politician, who served as a Minister of State in the Foreign Office from 1976 to 1982. Kuwana’s report, “Meiji Japan through the Eyes of Heinrich Coudenhove,” focused on the Austrian diplomat, known as the husband to Mitsuko Coudenhove and father to the Pan-Europeanist Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi; it summarized his views on Japan and Asia as expressed in his reports and letters to the home country.

First Meeting of the Academic Year 2014

• Held at History Department Office, University of the Sacred Heart, Tokyo 1pm, Saturday, June 21
• Members present: Kuwana, Tajima, Ishida, Matsumoto, Iida, Nakamura, Adamthwaite (through Skype), Atsuko Kato (to co-author with Chiba)

The meeting began at 1pm, one hour earlier than usual, taking into account the time difference between Japan and the Pacific coast of the United States as Adamthwaite, our overseas collaborator, was scheduled to report through Skype on the topic of cultural diplomacy in post-war France. In the report entitled “Selling Marianne: French cultural diplomacy and the transformation of modern diplomacy, 1945-1969,” Adamthwaite argued that the French cultural diplomacy of the fourth and fifth republics helped to popularize the image of France as an advocate of “universal values,” thus greatly contributing to the establishment and maintenance of France’s position as a world power. The question and answer session following his presentation was so lively that the distance between Tokyo and California was hardly felt.

Subsequently, the items on the agenda were discussed; it was reported that Yoko Kawamra (Seikei University) and Ayano Nakamura (Osaka University) would officially join the research project as co-investigators. Furthermore, Kuwana made two proposals: 1) scheduling a lecture by Professor Oliver Rathkolb of Vienna University in late June 2015, and 2) dividing the research seminar scheduled in the autumn of 2015 into two parts, scheduling the first part at the same time as the invited lecture and asking Professor Rathkolb to give the keynote lecture. Both of these proposals were approved by the group.

The discussion was followed by research presentations. Atsuko Kato, planning to co-author with Chiba, complemented Chiba’s previous report by explaining the international propaganda activities through the analysis of Japanese films produced in the 1920s and 1930s. It was argued that the effect of publicizing the image of Japan through the cinema was limited, due to the fact that the Ministries of Interior and of Foreign Affairs, then in charge of administering cinema production, had no unified policies or organized state control. Then, Ishida reported on the role of Iwasaburo Takano in the enactment of the Japanese Constitution; although this research was outside the scope of the present joint study, it was the fruit of a thematically related study. Following these reports, a lively discussion ensued.

Second Meeting of the Academic Year 2014

• Held at History Department Office, University of the Sacred Heart, Tokyo 2pm, Saturday, July 19
• Kuwana, Tajima, Ishida, Nomura, Kimizuka, Iida, Kawamura, Fukushima

Firstly, Kuwana explained the necessity for the change in budgetary allocation due to the additional co-investigators, the invited lecture scheduled for next year, and inviting overseas co-investigators for the research seminar. The motion was approved by the group.

Three research reports took place in this meeting. Nomura’s report, “Intercultural Experiences of the French Representatives in the Late Edo Japan,” focused on Gustave Duchesne, Prince de Bellecourt, who was resident in Japan from 1859 to 1863, and Léon Roches, resident in Japan from 1863 to 1868; the study shed light on the relationship between the two French diplomats and the diplomatic policies of the late Edo Japan. Iida’s report, “1864 as Seen through the Eyes of Two Japanese Men,” depicted the rise in interest in Preußen with a special focus on Takeaki Enomoto and Noriyoshi Akamatsu while also analyzing the records of the members of the Ikeda Mission, who were staying in Paris at the time. Although this report fell outside the scope of the present joint study, it was considered relevant enough to be included in the meeting. Fukushima’s report, “International Cultural Exchange and Cultural Diplomacy in Postwar Japan,” pointed out that peaceful international cultural exchange was a pillar of diplomacy in postwar Japan. Subsequently, as the Japanese image has become problematic and the international situation has become tense, “cultural diplomacy” or “public diplomacy” has become an issue. The discussion that followed the reports was so lively that the meeting greatly overran the usual time.

The 65th Annual Conference of the Japanese Society of Western History Small Symposium 2: “Cultural Exchange and Transformation of Modern Diplomacy”

On May 17, 2015, the 65th annual conference of the Japanese Society of Western History was held at Toyama University (Gofuku Campus), where four members of our research group gave presentations and four others commented at the Small Symposium 2 “Cultural Exchange and Transformation of Modern Diplomacy.”

Lectures by Professor Oliver Rathkolb, University of Vienna, and Concert by Dr. Lydia Rathkolb, Soprano at the Vienna State Opera

On June 26, 28, and 29, 2015, we invited Professor Oliver Rathkolb of University of Vienna to lecture at University of Tokyo (Komaba Campus), University of the Sacred Heart, and University of Kyoto, respectively. On June 28, Professor Rathkolb’s lecture was accompanied by a concert by Dr. Lydia Rathkolb, a soprano at the Vienna State Opera.
The schedule was as follows:

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June 26-29, 2015
Lectures and Concert Schedule

Lectures by Professor Oliver Rathkolb, University of Vienna

“Coming to Terms with the Past: Austria’s National Socialist Legacies and Post-War Restitution”
Friday, June 26
19:00-20:30
College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo (Komaba)
Collaboration Room 1 (Floor 4, Building 18)
*No translation

“The Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra: A Place of Memory of Austrian History in the 20th Century”
Sunday, June 28
14:00-15:30
Marian Hall, University of the Sacred Heart
Translator: Moe Sakai
*Advance booking required

“Post-War Restitution and the Long Shadow of the Nazi Past in Austria”
Monday, June 29
15:00-18:00
Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University
Seminar Room 2
*No translation

Sponsored by the “Cultural Exchange and Transformation of Modern Diplomacy” Research Group, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (Eiko Kuwana, Principal Investigator)

Concert by Dr. Lydia Rathkolb (Soprano, Wiener Staatsoper)

Sunday, June 28
16:00-17:00
Marian Hall, University of the Sacred Heart
*Advance booking required
Accompanist: Hanako Toyoda

Sponsored by the Graduate School of History, University of the Sacred Heart
Co-sponsored by the “Cultural Exchange and Transformation of Modern Diplomacy” Research Group,
JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (Eiko Kuwana, Principal Investigator)
Under the auspices of the Austrian Embassy in Japan

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Lecture at University of Tokyo, College of Arts and Sciences (Commentator: Associate Professor Hiroko Mizuno, Meiji University)

Lecture and Concert at University of the Sacred Heart

Lecture at Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University (Moderator: Professor Akeo Okada, Kyoto Univeristy; Commentator: Professor Mari Nomura, Kanazawa University)

“Cultural Exchange and Transformation of Modern Diplomacy” Symposium

On November 21-22, 2015, a symposium was held at the University of the Sacred Heart to present the researches of our group.
The program was as follows:

Program

Time: Saturday, November 21, 13:30-18:00; Sunday, November 22, 13:00-18:30
Place: Miyashiro Hall, University of the Sacred Heart
Moderators: Yoko Kawamura (Seikei University), Eiko Kuwana (University of the Sacred Heart)

Sponsored by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) “Cultural Exchange and Transformation of Modern Diplomacy” (Principal Investigator: Eiko KUWANA)

Lectures by Professor Timothy Snyder

Lectures by Professor Timothy Snyder (Department of History, Yale University) will be held in January 2017.
All lectures are free of charge; no reservation is necessary. Translation is available at all sessions.

Wednesday, January 11 19:00-20:00 Komaba Campus, University of Tokyo
21 KOMCEE WEST Lecture Hall (B1F-001)
"Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin”

Thursday, January 12 16:30-18:00
Mita Campus, Keio University
East Building Hall (Floor 8)
"Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning”

Friday, January 13 15:30-17:00
University of the Sacred Heart
Miyashiro Hall (Building 3)
"Brotherlands: The Origins of Nations”

Sponsor: “Cultural Exchange and Transformation of Modern Diplomacy” Research Group, funded by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (Principal Investigator: Eiko Kuwana, University of the Sacred Heart)

Co-sponsor: “Comparative Study of the Holocaust in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe” Research Group, funded by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (Principal Investigator: Chizuko Takao, Tokyo Medical and Dental University)

Co-sponsor for the January 11 event: Center for German and European Studies, University of Tokyo
Co-sponsor for the January 12 event: Global Research Institute, Keio University

(The above public lectures are subsidized by JSPS Grants-in-Aid JP25285055 and JP16H03494.)

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Lecture at University of Tokyo, College of Arts and Sciences (Moderator: Associate Professor Taro Tsurumi, Opening Remarks: Professor Yuji Ishida)

Lecture at Keio University (Moderator: Associate Professor Akiko Shimizu, Opening Remarks: Professor Keigo Komamura, Director of the Keio Global Research Institute, Introduction: Professor Emeritus Toshiho Ikeda)

Lecture at University of the Sacred Heart Tokyo (Moderator: Associate Professor Eiko Kuwana, Opening Remarks: Professor Kazuya Kato, Director of the Institute for Christian Culture)